Researchers examined diphtheria toxoids precipitated with alum and wereĪble to show that an injection of this alum precipitate led to a significant The adjuvant effect of potassium alum (KAl(SO 4) 2 ⋅ 12H 2O) was first discovered inġ926. Haemophilus influenzae type B, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Lyme disease, Kind of adju-vants used in anthrax vaccines for humans in the United States.Īnthrax vaccine contains Al(OH) 3, as do the FDA-licensed diphtheria, Salts are the only kind of adjuvant licensed by the FDA. In human and veterinary vaccines and regarded as safe if applied correctly. Which causes a steady stimulation of the immune system.Īluminium-based adjuvants have a long-standing tradition and From there, the antigen is slowly released, They trap the antigen in a depot created by theĪdjuvant at the injection site. Some adjuvants (including aluminium-based ones) can function as a Presenting antigens and leading to an increase of the immune response Surface area, thus enhancing the interaction of immune cells with the Adjuvants can absorb many antigenic molecules over a wide Order to increase the antibody responses to the vaccination and/or to stabilise The ability to bind to a specific antigen. WHO guidelines allow a maximum con-centration for Al 3+Īn adjuvant is an agent or a mixture of agents that possesses Treatment plant in order to remove the flocculate and the vast majority of theĪl 3+. During this process, it incorporates suspended soil,Ĭolloidal material and most bacteria. Precipitation of Al 3+ as Al(OH) 3 (Equation 4.11).Īl(OH) 3 precipitates as a gelatinous precipitate The water becomes more basic, which promotes the The addition of lime increases the pH of the water Lime (CaO) and aluminium sulfate Al 2(SO 4) 3Īre added to waste water in order to accelerate the settling or sedimentation reverse osmosis) prevents ‘dialysis dementia’. Nowadays, the use of modern Al 3+-free dialysate solutions Increased serum and boneĬoncentrations of Al 3+ were found in patients who were on haemodialysis, and the connection was made to the toxicity of the Al 3+ present in the dialysate solution. Neurofibrillary tangles nor senile plaques were found. Investigations showed that brain scans were normalĪnd that there was no connection to the Alzheimer’s disease, as neither Symptoms include speech disorders, problems with the bone mineralisation and Seen in patients being treated with haemodialysis for 15 months or more. Progressive dialysis encephalopathy, the so-called dialysis dementia, which was Patients on dialysis, or when the kidneys are impaired and therefore not able It can be around 0.1–1.0% when it is in the form of aluminium citrate (Figureīody if natural limits are crossed, for example, intravenous admin-istration or Typically, ∼ 0.001% is absorbed in the digestive tract, but To 13 mg/day Al 3+, but patients on aluminium-containing medicationĬan be exposed to more than 1000 mg/day. Ī normal adult diet contains typically between 2.5 mg/day and up It is important to note that at physiological pH, Al 3+įorms a barely soluble precipitate Al(OH) 3, which can be dissolvedīy changing the pH (see Equations 4.8 and 4.9). Al 3+Ĭan sometimes act as a competitive inhibitor of essential elements such as Mg 2+,Ĭa 2+ and Fe 2+/3+ because of their similar ionic radii andĬharges. Usually the blood–brain barrier prevents Al 3+ entering the brain. Sink for Al 3+ if the blood concentration is high and release it Gut, and the kidneys fairly quickly excrete most of it. Only a minimal fraction of Al 3+ is taken up from the diet in the Indeed, the human body has developed very effective barriers to exclude it. There is no known biological role for Al 3+ and, The human body contains around 35 mg of Al 3+, of Nowadays, aluminium is mainly used for theĬonstruction of cars and aircrafts and can be found in packaging and Aluminium is a soft, durable and lightweight metal, which makes In 1886, the manufacture of aluminium byĮlectrolysis of bauxite started, and the price for pure aluminium dropped In the mid-1800s,Īluminium cutlery was used for elegant dinners, whereas it is nowadays used as Therefore it was regarded as a very precious substance. Initially, it was very difficult to prepare pure aluminium and The name ‘aluminium’ derives from the salt alum (potassium alum, KAl(SO 4) 2 ⋅ 12H 2O), which was used for medicinal purposes in Roman times. Aluminium forms a diag-onal relationship withīeryllium. The element aluminium has the atomic number 13Īnd chemical symbol Al.
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